2019年上海-高中一年级英语语法-句子类型及基本句型—学生版

高中一年级英语暑假班

Ⅰ. 单词解释

He is too proud to take notice of others. 他非常骄傲，不理睬其他人。

What are you most proud of in your life? 你日常最骄傲的事是什么？

•  pride  [praid] n.  自豪；骄傲；自尊心 vt. 使得意，以…自豪

Her pride drove her to complete the job. 她的自尊心促进她去完成这项工作。

He prides himself on remaining calm in an emergency. 他在紧急关头十分镇静为此感到骄傲。

take pride in ≈ be proud of v. 以…为傲

Take pride in your accomplishments, as they are stepping stones to your dreams.

为我们的成绩自豪，由于它们是你通往梦想的阶梯。

I will prove myself during all of my interviews. 在整个面试期间我将会证明自己。

One of the Cook legends will prove  to be true and it will happen one day.

我坚信某一天库克传闻之一将会被证明是真的。

•  proof [pru：f]  

n. 证明；证据；校样；考验；验证；试验

If you say otherwise, show me the proof. 假如你要说那些事，先得给我证据。

adj. 防…的；不可以透入的；证明用的；耐…的

This cloth is proof against water. ≈ This cloth is waterproof. 这种布是防水的。

The shelter was proof against the bitter weather. 这个棚子可以避寒。

vt. 试验；校对；使不被穿透

It is part of your duty to proof twenty pages.  校对20页是你分内之事。

The minister is trying to improve his public image. 部长正在努力提升他一个人的公众形象。

We should let the public know the truth. 大家应该让公众知道事情的真相。

•   publicize  ['pʌblisaiz]  vt. 宣传；公布

If you make us your agent in China, we will try our best to push and publicize your products.

假如指定大家做你们在中国的代理的话，大家将会努力营销推广和宣传你方商品。

•   arouse public attention/ concern 引起公众关注

    The problem of the wide gap between the poor and rich has aroused wide public attention in our country. 贫富差距问题倍受社会的广泛关注。

This press publishes educational books. 这家出版社出版教育书本。   

    Don't publish others' faults.  不要四处散布别人的缺点。

     •  deliver  [di'livə]  vt. 出货；发表；递送

     He delivered the checks to the bank. 他把支票送交银行了。

     He was in London to deliver a speech on clean energy. 当时他正在伦敦发表一篇关于洁净能源的演说。

      •  issue  ['i ʃu：]  

      n. 问题；流出；期号；发行物

     The issue is not simply a matter of what we eat, but how we eat.

     问题不只大家吃的是什么这么简单，还有大家如何吃的问题。   

     I bought the new stamp on the day of its issue. 这种新邮票是我在发行当天买到的。  

     v. 发行，发布；发给；放出，排出

 Her book is going to issue this month. 她的书将于本月出版。

May I issue a ticket to you now? 我目前把机票开给你怎么样？

    Sam and John are pulling the rope.  山姆和约翰在拔河。

    •  pull down ≈ tear down摧毁，推翻；拉下来；使……下跌

They have managed to pull down the old building. 他们已拆毁了那幢旧建筑。

Please pull down the window shade. 请拉下窗帘。

•  pull in 进站  pull out 驶出

The train pulled in and all the passengers got off. 火车进站了，所有些乘客都下了车。

•  pull over 把…开到路边；开到路边；靠岸

We signalled the taxi driver to pull over. 大家示意出租车司机把车开过来。

He pushed me, and I fell into the water. 他推了我一下，我便掉到水里去了。

Mother tried to push her daughter's worries from her mind. 母亲力图排遣她女儿心头的烦恼。

He pushed her into making a decision. 他催促她做出决定。

The company are pushing their new product.  这家公司正在营销推广他们的新品。

•  be pushed for  短缺；紧迫

If you are pushed for time you'd better take a taxi. 假如你时间紧迫，你最好乘出租车。

•  push oneself 鞭策自己；发愤；自强；加劲

Tony had to push himself to go on doing such dull work .

汤尼不能不驱策自己继续做这种单调无趣的事。

Do you realize the importance of this question? 你意识到这个问题的重要程度吗?

    They never questioned the reality. 他们从来不会质疑现实。

    •  in question 讨论中的；成问题的；考虑中的

    The woman in question is sitting over there. 提到的那个女的就在那里坐著呢。

    •  out of the question 不可能；根本谈不上

   It is out of the question for him to stay in office so late. 他不可能这么晚还呆在办公室。

   •  out of question 毫无疑问  ≈  beyond question  毫无疑问；无可争辩

   The success of the meeting is out of question. 毫无疑问，会议会获得成功。

   Parents are beyond question the first teachers of children. 父母无疑是孩子的第一任老师。

 She raised her head and went out without a word. 她什么也没说，扬起头来走了出去。

 His salary was raised to $1, 500 per month.  他的薪金增加到每月1 500USD。

 He was raised in a poor family.  他是在一个贫困家庭中长大的。

 I'd like to raise  a question before the meeting is over. 会议结束前我想提出一个问题。

 This book raised  my interest in the study of history. 这本书引起了我研究历史的兴趣。

 After a year of hard work, I got a raise. 经过一年的努力工作，我的薪资涨了。

 •  raise one’s awareness of 提升……的意识

 We need to raise our awareness of privacy protection. 大家需要提升保护隐私的意识。

If you do one thing each day, you’ll reach your goal. 假如你天天都做一件事，你会达到你的目的的。

   She reached out her hands and held her mother. 她伸出双手抱住她的妈妈。

   The appeal for peace reached  throughout the world. 和平的呼声遍及世界。

   She reached for the book, but it was too high on the shelf. 她想拿那书，可是书在书架上，太高够不着。

   The hotel is within easy reach of the beach. 这家旅馆离海滩非常近。

    •  within one's reach 某人力所能及的；为某人所能理解的；在某人可以得到的范围内

I like to have my reference book within my reach. 我喜欢把参考书放在随手拿得到的地方。

   •  out of reach ≈  beyond one’s reach  力所不可以及的；没办法理解的；没办法达到的

   Keep all medicines out of reach of children. 把所有些药放在孩子们拿不到的地方。

   It's far beyond reach of our ability to obtain such aim. 按大家的能力这种目的是不可企及的。

At last she realized her dream of becoming an actress. 她最后达成了做演员的梦想。

    She didn't realize her mistake yet. 她还没认识到她的错误。

    •  come to realize 渐渐认识到，开始意识到

    Some day you will come to realize the importance of saving. 以后你会渐渐意识到节省的重要程度。

•  be aware of  [ə'weə] ≈  be conscious of ['kɔnʃəs]  意识到的

I was not aware of the slight changes. 我知道不到这细微的变化。

I was conscious of her presence. 我了解她在场。

Ⅱ. Exercises

 Choose the right answers.

1. We all _____ the athlete of our country.

A. take pride B. are proud C.take pride in D.is proud of

2. The extra room ________very useful when we had visitors.

A. was proved B. proved C. has been proved D.has proved

3. Many old buildings near the river ______ next year and a beautiful park will appear.

A. will pull down B. are pulled down C. will be pulled down D. were pulled down

4. Don't leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______of little children.

A. hand B.reach C.space D.distance

5. When the sun _____ in the east, the little hero tried hard ______ the red flag to the TOP of the pole.

A. rising, to rise B. rose, to raise C. raise, to rise D. rising, raising

6. It's out of ___ question that he'll come out ___ first in the coming exam. He's that smart.

A. the; the    B. /; the      C. the; /      D. /; /

7. The children are taught to be _______ of the danger of taking drugs.

A. aware B. fond C. ashamed D. proud

8. --My dream is to be a well-known star.

  -- I believe you will __________ your dream if you keep on working hard.

A. imagine      B. complete C. come true        D. achieve

 按需要完成句子。

A. 用所给词的适合形式填空。

1. He was the ____________ of the village after winning the championship.

2. Have you got any ____________ that you own this bike?

3. It seems as if he knew everything, but in ____________, he is as stupid as can be.

4. Part-time jobs raise a young person's social ____________.

5. They had been debating for several hours without ____________ a conclusion.

B. 选词填空，依据需要做适合变形。

1. John was asked __________________________ a speech on the graduation.

2. I learned to __________________________ what you do and to strive for excellence in service.

3. The English evening __________________________ a great success.

4. Some day you __________________________ the importance of saving.

5. BackPack Safe was developed to __________________________ travellers’ own safety.

6. In many countries it is considered rude to spit __________________________.

7. It is __________________________ that he will work his way through college.

8. They __________________________ the old shop and built a supermarket.

9. Because his mother is Chinese, she wanted to __________________________ the book in Chinese.

10. The child likes to have sweets __________________________.

Translation.

英译中

1. We are feel proud of that outstanding author.  

2. When the New Year bell rang, the prediction about the end of the world proved wrong.

3. Realizing that I had made a serious mistake, I made a sincere apology to the people present.

4. We should raise the awareness of traffic, taking proper vehicles.

5. Why did she admit her mistake in public since she thought she had done nothing wrong?

中译英

1. 结果证明这项任务比预想的要困难得多。

2. 直到驾驶员看到红灯信号时，他才意识到危险。

3. 在禁止抽烟的公共场合吸烟是不礼貌的。

4. 那晚看到女儿在舞台上弹钢琴，她的爸爸妈妈是多么地自豪啊！

5. 需要了解地意识到我们的长处和短处之后，才能合理地拟定生活目的。

句子的类型

    句子是由词或词组根据肯定语法规则组成的，相对完整而独立的语言单位，是肯定的语法结构、语音结构和词语意义的统一体。句子开头的第一个字母要大写，句末有句号、问号或感叹号。

 按句子功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

1) 陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一种怎么看。

Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。

 The film is rather boring.这部电影非常乏味。

2) 疑问句：提出问题。有以下四种：

a.一般疑问句：

 Can you finish the work in time?  你能按时完成工作吗？

b.特殊疑问句：

 Where do you live?你住那儿？

 How do you know that?  你如何了解那件事？

c.选择疑问句：

 Do you want tea or coffee?  你是要茶还是要咖啡？

d.反意疑问句：

 He doesn't know her, does he?他不认识她，对不对？

3) 祈使句：提出请求，建议或发出命令。

 Sit down, please.请坐。

 Don't be nervous!别紧张！

4) 感叹句：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。

What good news it is!多好的消息啊！

 句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：

1) 简单句：只包括一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。

She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。

2) 并列句：

a. 包括两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间一般用并列连词或分号来连接，容易见到的并列连词有and, but, or, so, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, either…or…等。

The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物非常精美，但他却没什么胃口。

1.用适合的连词填空

1. Go along the street, _______ you'll find the shop.

2. People think we look the same, _______ I can see that we're different.

3. You may go with him _______ stay at home.

4. My glasses were broken, _______ I need a new pair.

5. He not only gave us a lot of advice, _______ _______ helped us to study English.

2.翻译

1. 快点，不然就会迟到了。

2. 多走路，少开车，这不只对你的身体有益，也能保护环境。

3. 他的建议听上去非常实用，但推行起来非常困难。

b. 要点拓展：并列句中的省略。

1. 并列句假如两个分句有重复处，后面部分就常常省略掉：

I work in a factory and my brother on a farm. 我在工厂工作，我弟弟在农场工作。

He majors in English, and him French. 他主修英语，而我主修法语。

2. 有时but, and 等连词可引起一个短语，有些词则省略了：

We tried to help her, but in vain. 大家想办法帮助式，但没用。

A little further and you will see a sign board. 再往前走一点，你可以看到一块招牌。

自测：

补出下列句子的省略部分

1. He often goes to the museum as well as  to the concert.

2. We must study English and they  German.

3. I don’t know, nor does she  

² 要点应用：

并列连词具备对称性，如此的连词容易见到的有：or, and, not only…but also…, but 借助连词的对称性，可以由连词一边的结构判断出另一边的结构。

例1. When they got our card, they _______  because their students finally knew the teachers’ effort.

例2.

   In constructing the new system, the French began by setting up a unit of distance equal to one forty millionth part of the earth’s circumference. But ___1___ later measurements showed that the unit designed was not exactly that part, but they ___2___ to use it.

例3. Well, Marshall never did enter the family business. This angered his father. But as Marshall got older, his career as an artist began to __________. He became quite famous, and people paid large amounts for his “plain people” paintings.

Q: The underlined phrase “take off” in paragraph 7 probably means “_______”.

   A. to take away or remove     B. to go away unexpectedly

   C. to sTOP working temporarily    D. to suddenly become very successful

自测：

1. A woman in a night dress and a borrowed man’s coat screamed when she saw me and ______ running madly. 

2. He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical contents include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used ______ forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged $100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees’ stadium.

3. Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food ______ at the supermarket.

4. The opposite of self-reliance is dependent on others. Of course a certain amount of dependence on others is not only good but ___1___. Children must be dependent on their parents, and the weak must depend on the strong, and the ___2___ on the well.

1. A. unbelievable      B. tremendous       C. necessary          D. terrible

2. A. blind            B. deaf              C. sick              D. dumb

3) 复合句：

a. 概念：复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，从句由从属连词引导。

If I have time tomorrow, I will go shopping with you.

The film had begun when we got to the cinema.大家到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。

b. 英语的复合句一般分为三大种类：名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。

名词性从句：

    在整个复合句中取名字词用途，充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语等的各种从句，统称为名词性从句。因此依据它在句中不一样的语法功能，名词性从句又分别称为主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句。

What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟大家怎么说，还不了解。

That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。

The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

形容词性从句：

    具备形容词功能，在复合句中做定语的从句被称之为形容词性从句或定语从句。被修饰的名词、词组或代词被叫做先行词。形容词性从句分为两类型型：

由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句。

This is the aunt who looks after Tom. 这位就是照顾Tom的阿姨。

由关系副词when, where, why引导的从句。

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人了解他为何上学总迟到。

副词性从句：

副词性从句也称为状语从句，主要用来修饰主句或者主句的谓语。大致分为九大类，分别表示时间、地址、缘由、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方法。

You will miss the train unless you hurry up. 除非你快点，不然你会错过火车。

We started early in order that we could catch the first bus. 

为了赶上第一趟公交车，大家出发的较早。

Where there is smoke, there is fire. 无风不起浪。

² 要点应用：

例1.  After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, ______I might have a better chance to find a good job. To earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.

例2.  hose who ___1___ globalization claim that economies in developing countries will benefit from new opportunities for small and home-based businesses. ___2___, small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in ___3___ open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.

1. A. doubt                 B. define                      C. advocate                   D. ignore

2. A. In addition         B. For instance            C. In other words          D. All in all

3. A. mature               B. new                         C. local                         D. foreign

例3.  Parbati hasn't always lived in the jungle. After a happy childhood hunting with her father, she was sent to boarding school in the city. But Parbati never got used to being there and many years later she went back to her old life. "Life in the city is too dull. Catching elephants is an adventure and the excitement lasts for days after the chase," she says.

1. Before Parbati studied in a boarding school, ______.

   A. she spent her time hunting with her father

   B. she learned how to sing love songs

   C. she had already been called an elephant princess

   D. she was taught how to hunt tigers

自测：

1.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：

1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.

2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.

3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?

4. She not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to overcome difficulties.

5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.

6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.

7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.

8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?

9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.

10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

2. 翻译

1.假如便捷的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。

2.自从出国留学后，她就不再和大家维持联系了。

基本句型 ：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：

自测：

指出下面句子分别是什么句型：

1. The pen writes smoothly.

2. What he said does not matter.

3. Every thing looks nice.

4. In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life.

5. My mother bought me a pen yesterday.

6. I want to go to the countryside for a change.

7. I can hear birds singing in the green trees.

8. He told me to wash the plates.

9. It took me two hours to finish my homework last night.

10. I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

翻译：

1. 这几年大家家乡发生了巨大的变化。主+谓

2. 当时他看着不开心。主+系+表

3. 去年在学校电脑竞赛中我获得了一等奖。主+谓+宾

4. 当时我看到那些孩子在河边玩。主+谓+复合宾语

5. 去年王老师教大家英语。主+谓+双宾

 语法填空

1. 划出歌曲中的复合句

 as long as you love me--Backstreet Boys

__________  让步状语从句

I'm leaving my life in your hands  

__________________________________________________  宾语从句

risking it all in a glance  

__________  主语从句

I can't get you out of my head  

__________  宾语从句

__________  条件状语从句

____________________  宾语从句

where you're from  

what you did  

as long as you love me  

every little thing __________  定语从句

feels like it's deep within me  

__________ 让步状语从句

__________  表语从句

I don't care who you are  

where you're from  

what you did  

as long as you love me  

who you are  

____________________  结果状语从句

but I guess it shows  

__________  时间状语从句

what you did and where you're coming from  

I don't care, as long as you love me, baby.

2.判断:剖析下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句

   I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.

3.单选

1. ______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.

A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave

2. ______the days went on, the situation there got worse.

A. With  B. Since C. While D. As

3. She is American, ______ she knows little about American history.

A. so  B. but C. because D. until

4. To play fair is as important as ______, I think.

A. to play well    B. play well C. we play well D. playing well

5. -- Do you feel like going out ______ would you rather have dinner at home?

 -- I’d like to go out.

A. or B. and C. but D. so

4. 将复合句转换为简单句。

例：He decided that he would buy a digital camera online. →

    He decided to buy a digital camera online.

1. We hoped that we would come back soon. →

2.We wonder where we’ll go this Sunday. →

3.Could you please teach me how I can search the Internet? →

4. Can you tell me what he means? →

5. The boy is so young that he can’t look after himself. →

6. She decided to buy a camera online so that she could receive it soon. →

7. I was glad when I heard the good news. →

8. Tom’s parents were very surprised as they knew all about it. →

9. He was late for school because it rained heavily. →

10. I could swim when I was eight years old. →

5. 填空：用适合的连词填空

    Years ago I worked with the Notco Company as the head of the designing department. One of the best designers was called Steve King, 1________ was clever and hard-working. We didn't know his secret 2________ one day when he had an accident. His legs were badly hurt and he was taken to the hospital. 3________ the doctor wanted to examine his legs, he refused to take off his trousers. Then he told the doctor his secret 4________ he was a woman. She had pretended to be a man in order to get a job she liked. That night 5________ I went to visit her, I discovered her secret. The next day the company had a meeting about the problem of Ms King. 6________ the company had never had women engineers working, we finally decided to let her stay. From then on, more women workers were employed by the Nocto Company.

    China is a large country of agriculture. 1________you know, there are more than 800 million farmers in China. China started to develop the science of agriculture much earlier than other countries in the world. 2________the people in Europe and America were trying to shoot wild animals and birds for food, farmers in China were studying the science of agriculture. For example, Jia Sixie, 3________lived in the Northern Wei period, was one of the farming pioneers. 4________he finished his work in the government, he returned home and spent his time on research into agriculture. He collected information, did experiments and learnt from the experiences of farmers. He wrote a book called Qi Min Yao Shu. The book, 5________has 110,000 characters, is about both farming and gardening. This book is considered to be an important summary of the knowledge of farming.

6.合并句子。

例：The story is amusing. I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.→

Although the story is amusing, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.

You call me to say you’re not coming. I’ll see you at the theatre. →

Several weeks had done by. I realized the painting was missing. → 

There was once a famous detective. He was named Sherlock Holmes. →

The other day we had an English speech contest. I won the first prize in the contest. → 

He returned to the small town. He grew up as a child in the small town. → 

You should work hard. You can make rapid progress in your study. →

When did you enter the room? The police wants to know it. →

We heard the news. Our team had won. →

How will the book sell? It depends on its author. →

10.What’s the important thing? It’s what you do, but not what you say. →

7. 翻译

1. 保护环境是每一个公民的职责。

2. 乘车时你有主动给老人让座的习惯吗？

多参加些体育训练，你就不那样容易感冒了。

大家把这事看得太紧急，以至于没能正确地处置好它。

他没按时出席会议是什么原因他遇见交通堵塞了。

老实说，我对你所做的所有并不认可。

教育的真的目的是使大家的孩子为以后的生活做好筹备。

研究表明，女人比男士患这种疾病的可能性更大。

乐意帮助别人的人无论到什么地方都会受青睐。

10. 演出还没结束, 孩子们就睡着了。

课堂小结

语法选择

I. 十一选十

As societies develop, their members start to see things not so much according to what they need, but according to what they want. When people have enough money, these wants become demands.

Now, it' s important for the managers in a company to __1__ what their customers want if they are going to __2__ effective marketing strategies . There are various ways of doing this. One way at supermarkets , for example, is to __3__ customers while they're doing their shopping. They can be asked what they prefer to buy and then the __4__ of the research can be studied. This provides information on which to __5__ future marketing strategies. It's also quite __6__ for TOP managers from department stores to spend a day or two each month visiting stores and mixing __7__ with the public, as if they were __8__ customers, to get an idea of how customers act.

Another way to get __9__ from customers is to give them something.  For example, some fast food restaurants give away tickets in magazines or on the street that __10__ customers to get part of their meal for nothing. As well as being a good way of attracting customers into the restaurants to spend their money, it also allows the managers to get a feel for where to attract customers and which age-groups to attract.

Another strategy used at some well-known parks such as Disneyland is for TOP managers to spend at least one day in their work, touring the park dressed as Mickey Mouse or something like that. This provides them with a perfect chance to examine the scene and watch the customers without being noticed.

Ⅱ. 阅读

    People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution. Pollution is caused either by man's release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil tankers into the sea.

   The whole industrial process which makes many of the goods and machines we need and use in our daily lives, is bound to create a number of waste products which upset the environmental balance, or the ecological balance as it is also known. Many of these waste products can be prevented or __________sensibly, but clearly while more and more new and complex goods are produce there will be new, dangerous wastes to be disposed of, for example, the waste products from nuclear power stations. Many people, therefore, see pollution as only part of a larger and more complex problem, that is, the whole process of industrial production and consumption of goods. Others again see the problem mainly in connection with agriculture, where new methods are helping farmers grow more and more on their land to feed our ever-increasing populations. However, the land itself is gradually becoming worn out as it is being used in some cases, too heavily, and artificial fertilizer cannot restore the balance.

   Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts. In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three or four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which cannot be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in term of glass, metals and paper. Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy. Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying ,excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.

1. The underlined phrase "disposed of "in the second paragraph means_______.

A. dealt with B. exposed C. disapproved of D. collected

2. In the writer's view, the more new goods, _______.

A. the less pollution B. the harder pollution can be prevented

C. the more pollution there will be D. the more easily pollution can be controlled

3. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A. We can do much to reduce pollution.

B. The government is trying hard to sTOP pollution.

C. Individuals know how to get rid of the habit of littering everywhere.

D. We can't sTOP buying unnecessary things.

4. People can help solve the problem of pollution by _______.

A. urging their governments to control litter and waste

B. making anti-pollution adverti百度竞价推广ents

C. cutting down the use of oil and other oil products

D. reducing unnecessary buying, over-consumption and careless disposal of wastes

   Tokyo is one of those places that you can love and hate at the same time.

   In Tokyo there are always too many people in the places where I want to be. Of course there are too many cars. The Japanese drive very fast when they can. But in Tokyo they often spend a long time in traffic jams. Tokyo is not different when one wants to walk.

   At certain times of the day there are a lot of people on foot in London’s Oxford Street. But the streets near Ginza in Tokyo always have a lot of people on foot, and sometimes it is really difficult to walk. People are very polite; there are just too many of them.

   The worst time to be in the street is at 11:30 at night. That is when the night-clubs are closing and everybody wants to go home. There are 35,000 night-clubs in Tokyo, and you do not often see one that is empty.

   Most people travel to and from work by train. Tokyo people buy six million train tickets every day. At most stations, trains arrive every two or three minutes, but at certain hours there do not seem to be enough trains. Although they are usually crowded, Japanese trains are very good. They always leave and arrive on time. On a London train you would see everybody reading a newspaper. In Tokyo trains everybody in a seat seems to be asleep, whether his journey is long or short.

   In Tokyo, I stood outside the station for five minutes. Three fire-engines raced past on the way to one of the many fires that Tokyo has every day. Tokyo has so many surprises that none of them can really surprise me now. Instead, I am surprised at myself: I must go there next year on business. I know I hate the overcrowded city, but I feel like a man who is returning to his long-lost love.

1. Tokyo is different from London in that _______.

A. it has a smaller population B. it is an international city

C. it is more difficult to go somewhere on foot in Tokyo D. its people are more friendly and busier

2. What time does the writer think is the worst time to go into the street?

A. When the night-clubs are closing. B. At 8 o’clock in the morning.

C. When the train is overcrowded     D.When it is time for people to go back home from work.

3. What does the writer say about Japanese trains?

A. They are very nice and comfortable B. There are never enough trains.

C. They often run behind schedule. D. They leave and arrive at the right time.

4. The writer hates Tokyo mainly because the city ______.

A. is dirty and the people are impolite B. has been seriously polluted

C. is crowded and noisy D. is not modern enough

5. Which of the following sentences best means the same as the last sentence in the passage?

A. Tokyo is one of those places that you can love and hate at the same time.

B. In Tokyo there are always too many people in the places where I want to be.

C. Tokyo has so many surprises that none of them can really surprise me now.

D. Tokyo is not different when one wants to walk.

本次课学习了句子类型及句子的基本种类，通过不同题型的训练知道句子常识在各综合题中的应用，提升对语篇中句子的辨析与处置。

 Homework

 1. 复习讲义有关要点解说；

 2. 背诵有关的词语和句型，下次上课前十分钟默写；

 3. 完成家庭作业。

I. 判断下列句子为简单句、并列句还是复合句。

1. Do you want to leave now or would you rather set off later?

2. I will make sure that every student has a copy of the book.

3. Let’s take turns to do the experiment.

4. They will have a picnic unless it rains next Sunday.

5.The hunter took up his gun to shoot the rabbit.

Ⅱ.语法填空：

    My mother insisted ___1___ everyone in her life treat her with respect. ___2___ she wasn't wealthy ___3___well educated, my mother not only understood and appreciated her value, ___4___believed in it strongly. ___5___ she learned my father was cheating on her, she insisted that he move out of our home. Not the next day or the next week.  . . . To me, as a child, ___6___she refused to take my father back seemed harsh, even cruel. As a woman, ___7___, I have come to understand it. For my mother, putting Daddy, the one ___8___ she believed in with all her heart, out of the house wasn't about pride; it was about principle. She firmly believed ___9___ no one was going to love and respect you ___10___ you loved and respected yourself.

Ⅲ. 翻译

很难想象彼得在讲台上演讲的样子。

科学家花了一个多世纪的时间才达成了在宇宙中飞行的梦想。

当大家遇见朋友的时候，应该愉快的互相打招呼。

在考试中越是冷静，就越少出错。

我期望在他们回来之前这类菜不会凉了。

你最好不要玩火，会伤到我们的。

假如有疑问，可随时通过电话或邮件和大家联系。

学生们渐渐认识到友谊胜过资金。

和园丁们一块工作让大家学到很多关于花卉的常识。

10. 需要采取所有可能的手段以确保奥运会顺利进行。