英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指有哪些用途。
定冠词the读法:单独念时读[Ti:],在句子中常发[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前);
不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读 [ei ]/[An ];在句子中常发 [[]/[[n]。
不定冠词a /an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面;an用在元音开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本使用方法:
(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the ground.
(2)表示某类人或事物,以不同于其他类型。如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.
(3)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.
(4)表示“一”这个数目。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.
几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点),a little(一点),a few(几个),a lot(很多),a kind of(一种),a pair of(一副、一双),a number of(很多的),a piece of (一张、一片),half an hour(半小时),have a good time(玩得高兴),have a cold(感冒),make a noise(发出嘈杂声),have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
定冠词的基本使用方法:
(1)表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.
(2)指谈话双方都熟知的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard, Lily.
(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.
(4)表示世界上与众不同的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.
(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River。
(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go? / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.
(7)常用在乐器名字的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.
(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名字的前面。如:I have never been tothe Himalaya Mountains.
(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.
(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time(同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
(1)专有名词和(首次用)一些不可数名词时前面一般不需要。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.
(2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不需要。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.
(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不需要。如:He was born on Monday,February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年2月18日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.
(4) (首次用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不需要。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
(5)三餐饭前不需要。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.节、假近日一般不需要。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.球类名词前不需要。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.
(6)城市的要紧/主要建筑物名字前不需要。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.
(7) 一些习惯用语中不需要。
如:⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school;
⑵ in / to / for / after class;
⑶in / to / out of / into bed;
⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work;
⑸ at / to sea;
⑹ in / from / down / to town;
⑺ at / from home;
⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper;
⑼ at night/noon/midnight;
⑽ on foot;
⑾ go to school/bed;
⑿ on TOP of;
⒀ in front of;
⒁ on show/display/duty/watch;
⒂ in / out of hospital;
⒃ at all;
⒄ on/in time;
⒅ at first/last/once;
⒆ in Chinese/English, etc.;
⒇ take care of
1、分类:数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。
(一)基数词:表示数目的词叫基数词。
1、英语中常见的基数词有:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve | 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen | 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 | twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one(a) hundred | 23 35 101 | twenty-three thirty-five one hundred and one |
1000→one(a) thousand;
10000→ ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand ;
1000000→one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million;
108→one hundred and eight;
146→one hundred and forty-six;
500→five hundred;
1001→one thousand and one;
1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
2、[注]:
(1)百位与十位之间要加and;十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间一般也要加and。
(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看,每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。
(3)hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不需要复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成…上…”,后面需要要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如:five hundred(五百),hundreds of(成百上千的),ten thousand(一万),thousands of(成千上万的),millions of(成百万的)
(二)序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1、 英语的序数词基本变法:
(1)一般在基数词后加th, (2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,
(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth, (4)熟记特殊词。
2、序数词如下:
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th | ※first ※second ※third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth | 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th | thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth | 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th | twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth one undredth | 21st 22nd 23rd 35th 101st | twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third thirty-fifth one hundred and first |
1000th→one thousandth;
1000000th →one millionth;
第703→the seven hundred and third;
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.
3、[注]:
(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如:thirty-sixth,
(2)用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如:I’m in the third grade.
(3)序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。
如:1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
(三)数词的使用方法:
1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2、表示日期:12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
3、表示时刻:5:15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→ eight thirty或half past eight ;10:45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
4、表示编号:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen;P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
5、小数的读法:5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
6、“半”的表达:1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour,1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再1、又一”。如:The third lesson is rather difficult. / Shall we read the text a third time?