考试知识点41 阅读理解主旨大意题
高考考试频度：★★★★★
高考考试阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文迅速浏览正确
获得语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以总结理解与分辨主要信息和次要信息的能力。需要考生在阅读短文时，可以提炼文章的中心情节，领会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获得文章最具代表性的看法、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。
在高考考试阅读理解中，针对短文主旨容易见到的命题形式如下：
What would be the best title for the text? /What is the TOPic of the text?
The main TOPic / subject of the passage is _________.
The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is…
The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.
What is mainly discussed in the text?
What is the main idea of the passage?
What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
The purpose of this passage is.
Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
Which of the following best summarized the passage?
The passage mainly focuses on.
从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试主要可概括为两大类，即如何理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和如何拟定或选择适合的标题。下面结合高考考试题实例来具体剖析此类题目的解题方法。
如何理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
——主题句定位法
文章是由段落组成的。段落是进步一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。探寻具体段落的中心思想的办法是：通过剖析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的重点。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句一般都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之好办法。
但因为文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的地方更不是千篇一律的。在很多状况下，特别在阅读说明文和议论文时，依据其篇章特征大家可以通过探寻短文的主题句来总结出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的地方一般有三种状况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这种文章或段落的首尾句是重点。做主旨大意类考试试题多使用浏览法，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作办法来体现，有以下五种状况：
1. 中心主题句出目前文首
单刀直入，提出主题，随之用细节来讲解、支撑或进步主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最容易见到的演绎法写作方法，即由一般到特殊，先提出看法，后举例论证，主题句则出目前段首的写作办法。
新闻报道一般就使用这种写法。新闻报道的首句一般称为“新闻导语”，“导语”事实上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答卷依据。
（2018·新课标卷I）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisation. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction, with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon ,Chiapaneco in Mexico. Lipan Apache in the United Statesor Wadjigu in Australia : none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了伴随社会的进步人类语言愈加少及其缘由。
【答案】C
【分析】主旨要义题。依据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但近期年代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
2. 主题句出目前文尾
在细节后，总结要素、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最容易见到的总结法写作方法，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常坐落于末段。
The famous American gorilla expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.
Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster , and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.
Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.
Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal,” said the words below it. __________ The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.”
56.The text mainly talks about _____.
A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda
C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist
【答案】C
【分析】文章第一段谈到Diane Fossey对大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到依据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三段谈到了大猩猩数目降低是什么原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传的手段。前面三段都是为最后一段做铺垫的，从最后一段的“It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.”可知，最主要的目的还是要大家保护大猩猩。
3. 首尾呼应的写作办法
为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时第三点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方法也较为多见。一般，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的总是有进一步的引申或进步的意味。
__________. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.
There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. __________.
1.The passage is mainly about ___________.
A. How to Play Lacrosse
B. Lacrosse in Canada
C. The History of Lacrosse
D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
【答案】D
【分析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大非常受青睐”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。
4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没明确的主题句
阅读如此的文章，就需要考生依据文章的细节来剖析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。剖析的办法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这类内容在逻辑上有哪些联系，然后加以总结形成主题。该种类的考试试题则迎刃而解。
【2019·全国卷II，C】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than halfhave breakfast alone and nearly halfhave lunch by themselves. only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction. “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection, You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit， whose company provided the statistics for the report.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
【语篇解析】本文通过一份调查结果显示，非常大比率的人选择一个人用餐，缘由不少，譬如逃离工作环境，或者深思自己，但一个人用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。
31.A
【分析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，非常大比率的人选择一个人用餐，缘由不少，譬如逃离工作环境，或者深思自己，但一个人用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。
4. 主题句出目前文章的中间
一般前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的讲解、支撑或进步。
The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.
__________, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Hor百度竞价推广en from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine hor百度竞价推广anship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.
…
67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.
A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival
B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival
D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival
【答案】A
【分析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出，本文主如果介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。答案选A。
如何给阅读文章整体加注标题
——高度概括法
对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅能够直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，第一可以根据主旨大意的确定方法，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。
标题坐落于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者飞速推断出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的看法和意图。那样怎么样选择文章的标题呢？
第一，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面怎么样。一般需要能覆盖全文内容，体
现文章主旨。要防止下列三种状况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而致使范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。
第二，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要适合，比较有针对性。要在阅读原文的基础上，
仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是不是有密切的关系。既不可以太大，也不可以太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起有哪些用途；精准度高，不可以随便改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。
第三应该注意标题的显眼性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和店面。标题的好坏总是影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较显眼，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。
最后应该注意，要适合地选好标题，还需要知道标题的基本拟定办法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性定义的词按肯定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。譬如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the TOP 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.
话题：Stamps
控制性定义：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the TOP 128 Chinese family names
标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names
August 8, was Earth Overshoot Day. Calculated annually by the environmental advocacy group, Global Footprint Network , it is the day when human has consumed all the natural resources — produce, meat, fish, water, and wood — that our planet can regenerate in a single year. This means that for the rest of 2016, we will be using natural resources that are impossible to replace.
For those that are a little confused, it is similar to spending your entire year’s allowance by August and then borrowing money from friends, knowing fully well that you cannot repay the loan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case of the Earth.
The date of Earth Overshoot Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable world, we should only spend what we have. This means that Earth Overshoot Day would fall on December 31, or perhaps even spill into the following year, indicating that we are saving some resources for a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we only consumed three-quarters of what the planet produced.
Unfortunately, the day has been going up rapidly since 2014 when it fell on August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest so far — August 8! The only way to sustain this demand would be to have 1.6 earths, which as we all know, is not possible.
Fortunately, experts say that the situation is not as __________ as it sounds. Many countries are already taking steps to reduce carbon emissions, which accounts for 60% of our ecological footprint, by switching to solar or wind-generated power.
Individuals can also help by eating less meat, walking, biking, or taking public transportation, as well as adopting the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. If we all work together, we can help push back Earth Overshoot Day to December 31, or even beyond!
27. What is the best title for the passage?
A. A Warning: Earth Overshoot Day
B. A Celebration: Earth Overshoot Day
C. A Reminder: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
D. An Adverti百度竞价推广ent: Global Footprint Network
【文章大意】 本文是一篇环保类说明文。文章介绍了Earth Overshoot Day。今年在8月八号大家就已经消耗掉今年全年的可再生资源，接着又介绍了Earth Overshoot Day的计算办法。通过介绍Earth Overshoot Day，作者呼吁大家降低资源浪费。
【答案】 A
【分析】今年的Earth Overshoot Day是8月八号，即大家今年在8月八号就已经消耗掉大家今年全年的可再生资源。本文通过介绍Earth Overshoot Day告诉大家要降低资源浪费，所以最好标题应是A项。
题组一（2019年高考考试考试真题）
Passage1
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal with books. There was not one night that I don't remember mom reading me a storybook by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing mom say," I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this morning," made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like her, I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many doors. When mom said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the TOP shelf," I knew where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A's on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned, but I didn't enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone. I don't have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
41. Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands？
A. She wanted mom to read the news to her.
B. She was anxious to know what had happened.
C. She couldn't wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D. She couldn't help but sTOP mom from reading.
42. According to Paragraph 3，the author's reading of road signs indicates___________
A. her unique way to locate herself
B. her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C. her effort to remind mom to obey traffic rules
D. her growing desire to know the world around her.
43. What was the author's view on factual reading？
A. It would help her update test-taking skills.
B. It would allow much room for free thinking.
C. It would provide true and objective information.
D. It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
44. The author takes novel reading as a way to___________.
A. explore a fantasy land
B. develop a passion for leaning
C. learn about the adult community
D. get away from a confusing world
45. What could be the best title for the passage？
A. The Magic of Reading B. The Pleasure of Reading
C. Growing Up with Reading D. Reading Makes a Full Man
Passage2
During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engagein dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys. “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
Passage3
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution. “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
Passage4
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams.We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately，it's too little，too late. By the time these “solutions"become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future，it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference ,a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human –sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breachesof personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name ，and far more. Armed with this knowledge. they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for example，that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller 's，ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，and card number. Scammers follow money，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by. or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robecalls?
A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.
39. taking advantage of the new technologies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely
40. What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. Technologies can be double-edited.
C. There are more solutions than problems.
D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Roboealls
C. Why Robocalls Are about to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
题组二（2018年高考考试考试真题）
Passage1
Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers TOP tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion, but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "
The eight-part series, Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme.
C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a tight budget for her family.
25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids.
C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her.
26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers.
C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new TOPic for discussion.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
Passage2
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a TOPic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
Passage3
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness. But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. about 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small population.
C. Its geographical position.
D. Its favourable climate.
25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up.
D. Half of them died.
26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A. They found the city too crowded.
B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable to stand the winter.
D. They were short of food.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city.
B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness.
D. Tourism in Dawson.
Passage4
My First Marathon（马拉松）
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.
The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂ stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!
The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn’t even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.
Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces became untied. So I sTOPped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂
By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.
I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels, I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.
36. A month before the marathon, the author ____________.
A. was well trained B. felt scared
C. made up his mind to run D. lost hope
37. Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?
A. To acknowledge the support of his teacher.
B. To amuse the readers with a funny story.
C. To show he was not talented in sports.
D. To share a precious memory.
38. How was the author’s first marathon?
A. He made it. B. He quit halfway.
C. He got the first prize. D. He walked to the end.
39. What does the story mainly tell us?
A. A man owes his success to his family support.
B. A winner is one with a great effort of will.
C. Failure is the mother of success.
D. One is never too old to learn.
题组三（2017年高考考试考试真题）
Passage1
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change __________. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?
A. To remember the birth of jazz.
B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.
D. To recognize the value of jazz.
29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Jazz becoming more accessible.
B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.
D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It should keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Exploring the Future of Jazz
B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz
C. The Story of a Jazz Musician
D. Celebrating the Jazz Day
Passage2
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cosplayt $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia
says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
C. The designers of the Transition.
29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams.
B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns too much fuel.
30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?
A. Cautious B. Favorable.
C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
31. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s First Flight
C.Pilots’ Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
Passage3
This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles. They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between 百度竞价推广i-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “You know — no driver.”
Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation.
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.
46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A place where cars often break down.
B. A case where passing a law is impossible.
C. An area where no driving is permitted.
D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.
47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.
A. sTOP people from breaking traffic rules
B. help promote fully automatic driving
C. protect drivers of all ages and races
D. prevent serious property damage
48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?
A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.
B. It should be the main concern of law makers.
C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It should involve no human responsibility.
49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _________.
A. Singapore B. the UK
C. the US D. Germany
50. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?
B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough
C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!
D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents
题组四（名校模拟题）
Passage 1
Laughter is part of the universal human vocabulary. All members of the human species understand it. Unlike English or French or Swahili, we don’t have to learn to speak it. We re born with the capacity to laugh.
Very little is known about the specific brain mechanisms responsible for laughter. Contrary to folk wisdom, most laughter is not about humor; it is about relationships. To find out when and why people laugh, I went with several assistants to local malls and recorded what happened just before people laughed. Over a 10-year period, we studied over 2,000 cases of naturally occurring laughter.
We found that most laughter does not necessarily follow jokes. People may laugh after a variety of statements, such as, “Here comes Mary,” “How did you do on the test?” or “Do you have a rubber band?” These certainly aren’t jokes.
We believe laughter evolved from the panting behavior of our ancient ancestors. Today, if we tickle chimps, they don’t laugh. But, instead, they produce a panting sound. That’s the sound of ape laughter, and it’s the root of human laughter.
Apes laugh in the kinds of situations that lead to human laughter, like games that involve chasing. Other animals produce sounds during play, but they are so different from laughter. Rats, for example, produce high sounds during play and when tickled, but these are very different in sound from human laughter.
Laughter is often positive, but it can be negative too. There’s a difference between “laughing with” and “laughing at”. People who laugh at others may be trying to drive them out of the group.
No one has actually counted how much people of different ages laugh, but young children probably laugh the most. At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less.
Work now underway will tell us more about the brain mechanisms behind laughter, how it has evolved, and why we’re so __________ to tickling.
1. What was the purpose of the decade’s research?
A. To prove that people laugh because of humour.
B. To find out the real reason for people s laughter.
C. To research people s different reaction on jokes.
D. To record conversations among shoppers in malls.
2. What can we learn from the text?
A. People who play more tend to laugh more.
B. Apes produce high sounds when tickled.
C. Scientists know the brain mechanisms responsible for laughter well.
D. The situations in which apes laugh are very different from those in which humans laugh.
3. What does the underlined word “susceptible” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Flexible.
C. Addictive. D. Reliable.
4. Which of the following might be the best title for the text?
A. The Impact of Laughter
B. The Meaning of Laughter
C. A Big Mystery: Why Do We Laugh?
D. Laughter: The Most Beautiful Words
Passage 2
Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasoline-powered cousins.
People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions vehicles”, but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Power plants mostly use fire to make it. Aside from the new folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators . Generators are fueled by something—usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something.
In other words, those “zero-emissions” cars are likely coal-burning cars. It’s just because the coal is burned somewhere else, it looks clean. It is not. It’s as if the California Greens are covering their eyes—“ If I can’t see it, it’s not happening.” Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat—at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc.
A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won’t get you as far — so electric cars burn more fuel than gasoline-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes or geothermal, or hydro or wind or solar, then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don’t use much of those energy sources.
In addition, electric cars’ batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it’s a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot.
1. What is the main idea of the text?
A. Electric cars are far from being clean.
B. Electric cars are better than gasoline-powered ones.
C. People cast doubts on electric cars’ batteries.
D. Gasoline is an efficient way to power a vehicle.
2. The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run.
A. no less than 25 miles B. as far as 50 miles
C. less than 25 miles D. as far as 25 miles
3. According to the text, electric cars.
A. are more environmentally friendly
B. burn more fuel than gas-powered ones
C. are very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated
D. are poisonous for a long time and will eventually end up in a landfill
4. It can be inferred from the text that.
A. being green is good and should be encouraged in communication
B. electric cars are the dominant vehicles compared with their gas-powered cousins
C. zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment
D. electric cars are not clean because we get electricity mainly by burning something
Passage 3
Persuasion is to convince someone to agree with you, just like art which also calls for special techniques to accomplish. According to the ancient Greeks, there are three basic tools of persuasion: ethos, pathos and logos.
Ethos is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience that he is trustworthy, honest and reliable. One common way a speaker can develop ethos is by explaining how much experience or education he has in the field. After all, you’re more likely to listen to advice about how to take care of your teeth from a dentist than a fireman.
Pathos is a speaker’s way of connecting with an audience's emotions. For example, a politician who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from a terrible war. These words are intended to fill the audience with fear, thus making them want to vote for him. Similarly, an animal charity might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats to make the viewers feel pity, so they will be more likely to donate money.
Logos is the use of facts, statistics or other evidence to support your argument. An audience will believe you if you have convincing data to back up your claims. Presenting this evidence is much more persuasive than simply saying “believe me”.
Although ethos, pathos and logos all have their strengths, they are often most effective when used together. So, the next time you listen to a speech, watch a commercial or listen to a friend try to convince you to lend him some money, be on the lookout for these ancient Greek tools of persuasion.
1.What is the purpose of persuasion?
A. To advise somebody to support you.
B. To help someone have special skill
C. To convince somebody to realize his aim.
D. To talk someone into being honest.
2.What is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience to trust him?
A. Pathos. B. Ethos. C. Logos. D. Education.
3.What do a politician and an animal charity have in common?
A. Both prevent themselves from being hurt.
B. Both save people from terrible wars.
C. Both make the audience support them.
D. Both persuade people to donate money.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Convince the Audience B. Three Basic Tools of Persuasion
C. Believe Me D. Strength of Persuasion
Passage 2
James Gross, a psychology professor at Stanford University, has a 13-year-old daughter who loves math and science. “It hasn’t occurred to her yet that’s unusual,” he says. “But I know in the next couple of years, it will.”
She’s already being pulled out of class to do advanced things with a couple of other kids, who are guys. And as someone who studies human emotion for a procession, Gross says, “I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who’s interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.’’
Gross’ concern clearly shows what has been a touchy subject in the world of science for a long time: Why are there still so few women in science, and how might that affect what we learn from research?
Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men, and by some estimates represent the largest single economic force in the world. Yet the gender gap in science persists, to a greater degree than in other professions, particularly in high-end, math-intensive fields such as computer science and engineering.
According to US Census Bureau statistics, women in fields commonly referred to as STEM made up 7 percent of that workforce in 1970, a figure that had jumped to 23 percent by 1990. But the rise essentially sTOPped there. Two decades later, in 2011, women made up 26 percent of the science workforce.
1.According to James Gross, in the near future his daughter may _________ .
A. become a great scientist
B. feel lonely and have fewer choices
C.be pulled out of class with some guys
D. learn math and science better and better
2.We can learn from the text that_________ .
A. women are cleverer than men in college
B. men represent the largest single economic force
C. women make up more than 50% of the national workforce
D. the number of women graduating from college is larger than that of men
3.How does the author develop the last paragraph?
A. By providing examples. B. By making comments.
C. By following time order. D. By explaining the process.
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Why It Is important to Get More Women Into Science
B. James Gross, Confusion about His daughter
C. Situation of Women in the Whole Country
D. Future of women in the Workforce
题组一
Passage1
【语篇解析】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了我们的念书历程和感悟。
41.B
【分析】细节理解题。依据第二段主题句I always wanted to know what my mom was reading.和Hearing mom say … made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself可知，作者一直想了解母亲在读什么。作者抢过母亲读的报纸，由于作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选B。
42. D
【分析】推理判断题。依据第三段My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything，可以判断出，让母亲开车开慢一点，他可以读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步引起了他的好奇心，想要知道周围的所有，故选D。
43.C
【分析】推理判断题。依据第四段第一句Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A’s on my test.可知，小学和中学阶段的阅读都是事实性阅读，念书是为了获得常识，考试得A。因此事实性阅读可以提供真实的客观的信息，故选 C。
44. D
【分析】细节理解题。依据第五段By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone. 可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世界中去，故选D。
45.C
【分析】主旨大意题。依据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了我们的阅读历程和感悟，伴着阅读成长，故选项C符合题意。
Passage2
【语篇解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对其他人好，讨人喜欢对生活活的每个方面有深远的有益影响。
32.C
【分析】推理判断题。依据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢推荐我的娃娃和笑话，这让我维持了高高的社会地位。）由此判断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女生。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。
33.A
【分析】段落大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受青睐的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做知道释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受青睐的分类，故选A。
34.B
【分析】推理判断题。依据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它了解地表明，可爱可以促进完善的调整），由此判断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。
35.A
【分析】标题总结题。通过阅读全文内容，特别是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受青睐，讨人喜欢对生活活的每个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对其他人好——最后，你的收成无穷无尽”一致，故选A。
Passage3
【语篇解析】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到怎么样杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最后影响到大学入学。
32.A
【分析】细节理解题。依据第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来讲是个让人讨厌的问题。这种来自大家身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地成长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们非常难去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包含“bacteria”。由此可知， A项符合题意。
33.D
【分析】推理判断题。依据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Gordon的学生一直在研究怎么样在零重力下杀死细菌, ...”。结合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,...”可知，学生天天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一块探讨（怎么样杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可判断出HUNCH program的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。剖析选项可知D项符合题意。
34.A
【分析】细节理解题。依据第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year ,present it to NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...It’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的商品。剖析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。
35.B
主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物非常难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的渠道——借用美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划里，学生们通过homework（制作供美国国家航空航天局用的商品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”比较适合做文章的标题。故选B。
Passage4
【语篇解析】这是一篇说明文。语音操作与智能化技术
出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。语音操作和智能化技术进步会使得机器人电话产生的问题愈加紧急。
38. D
【分析】看法态度题。依据第一段中的“We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions” become widely available, scammers will have moved onto clever means”可知，最后，大家通过支持和开发一组旨在预防欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和办法，认识到了问题的紧急性。不幸的是，大家的努力太少了，也太晚了。在这类“解决方法”被广泛用的时候，骗子将转移到更巧妙的方法上。由此推知，作者觉得这类“解决方法”对于解决问题起不了什么用途，因此作者感到非常“失望”。故D选项正确。
39.A
【分析】细节理解题。依据第三段中的“The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into “/confirm/iing” your address, mother’s name, and card number”可知，机器人通话之所以让人头痛，与其说与数目有关，不如说与精准度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露已经致使了如此一种状况：骗子可以随便地了解你妈妈的名字，甚至更多。有了这类常识，他们就可以拓展有针对性的运动来欺骗大家。依据这类可知，借助这种新的技术，欺诈者们可以精准的确定他们行骗的目的。故A选项正确。
40.B
【分析】推理判断题。依据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类很一样的声音，它可以和接待员进行交谈，进行预约。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。依据第三段的叙述可知，欺诈者们可以借助这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既能够发挥好有哪些用途，也会为坏人所借助，产生不好有哪些用途，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故B选项正确。
41.C
【分析】主旨大意题。第一段提到：robocalls（机器人电话: 自动拨号播放录音信息的营销推广电话）在将来变得会愈加紧急，不止是出目前你的手机屏幕上的电话号码让人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音是不是是真的。第二段介绍缘由：语音操作与智能化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。第三段介绍了语音操作和智能化技术进步会使得机器人电话产生的问题愈加紧急。最后两段提出大家该怎么样应付这类问题。综上，文章第一段点明文章中心：机器人电话问题在将来会变得愈加紧急。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。故C选项合适作标题。
题组二
Passage 1
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍怎么样降低食物浪费与怎么样以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。
24.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第一段了解Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。
25.C 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第二段中的In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers TOP tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt的帮忙下，提供怎么样降低食物浪费同时给每天生活费低于5英镑的每一个家庭筹备菜谱。故选C。解题关键字：近义词表达with the help of和help。
26.C 【分析】写作意图题。依据文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.可知，Save Money: Good Food节目是Save Money: Good Health节目之后，给观众一些建议：怎么样从海量的市场上的健康商品中获得价值。故选C。
27.D 【分析】主旨要义题。依据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲怎么样用较少的钱做出好的食物。依据文章中的prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. 在资金紧张的状况下，筹备可口且有营养的饭菜； how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. 怎么样降低食物浪费同时给每天生活费低于5英镑的每一个家庭筹备菜谱； how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. 大家自己做这种食物有多实惠； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不贵可仍然可口的菜谱。可以推知D正确。
Passage2
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，大家在公共场所或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺少交流。但人与人之间是需要适合的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有不少好处。
32.C 【分析】主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场所（譬如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）大家深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺少交流。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场合不适合的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺少交流。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。
33.B 【分析】推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来讲，成功的闲聊中要紧的是什么。依据第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的重点是学习怎么样与他们交流，而不止是与他们交流。）由此判断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出好的礼貌。B项意为：与别人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业买卖。故选B项。
34.D 【分析】推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡馆的研究对闲聊有哪些建议。依据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与员工聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡馆体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改变了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提升了大家的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样要紧。D项意为：闲聊叫人感觉非常不错。故选D项。
35.C 【分析】主旨大意题。整篇文章最初介绍了社会的现象（公共场所大家沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺少交流交流），接着剖析了这一问题是什么原因，下面有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有哪些样有哪些好处。A项意为：谈话非常重要。B项意为：闲聊的办法。C项意为：闲聊有哪些好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。
Passage3
【话题解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的进步缘由、过程与近况。
24.C 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，大家选择在河边或港口设城是由于交通便捷，便于做买卖。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民是什么原因它的地点，故C正确。
25.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. about 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在刚开始挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。
26.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，大家离开Dawson的重要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方探寻发财的机会。故B正确。
27.A 【分析】主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市进步是什么原因，引出Dawson这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起是什么原因，第三段介绍大家选择离开该城市是什么原因及目前的情况，所以全文围绕Dawson这个城市的进步起伏。故A正确。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己首次跑马拉松，凭着我们的意志力成功跑完全程的励志故事。
36.C 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第一段最后一句Yet, I was determined to go ahead. 可知，马拉松赛前一个月尽管作者脚踝受伤使得练习时间缩短，但作者仍下定决心参赛。故选C。
37.C 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第二段I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂可知，作者提到初一的事情是为了证明自己真的没运动天分。故选C。
38.A 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第10段I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had. 可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽不是1、，这样来看他成功地跑完了马拉松。故选A。
39.B 【分析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的历程，再依据最后一段Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels, I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂. 可知，作者成功跑完马拉松来自于我们的意志。故选B。
题组三
Passage1
【文章大意】为提升大家对于爵士乐的看重程度，UNESCO把4月30日定为国际爵士日，然而这一行为还是没能挽救爵士乐。Jason Moran觉得年代在进步，为了将老一代人和年轻一代人连接起来，爵士乐也应该不断进步。
28.D 细节理解题。依据第一段中的UNESCO recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying voice across cultures.可知UNESCO把4月30日定为国际爵士日是为了叫人们看重爵士乐，意识到它的重要程度与它作为连接各文化的纽带之声的潜在功能，也就是为了叫人们意识到爵士乐的价值。故选D。
29.C 推理判断题。依据前文Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations可知尽管UNESCO为爵士乐设了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依旧在降低，并且年龄在老化，爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that可推断that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选C。
30.C 细节理解题。依据第五段中的The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same可知Moran觉得目前爵士乐不可以以1908或1958年的方法来呈现，由于世界已经不同了，所以爵士乐需要不断进步，说明伴随年代的进步，爵士乐也要跟上年代才不会被年轻一代所抛弃。故选C。
31.A 标题选择题。通读全文可知本文主要讲UNESCO为提升大家对爵士乐的看重而设立爵士日，但实质效果甚微。有人觉得爵士乐应伴随年代的进步而进步，不然它将失去对大家的吸引力，因此本文主如果探索爵士乐的将来，故选A。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Terrafugia公司研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。
28.A 【分析】段落大意题。依据“The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可知选A。
29.C 【分析】细节理解题。依据“But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cosplayt
$279,000”可知，由于Transition 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。
30.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据“he government has already permitted the company to use special materials to
make it easier for the vehicle to fly”与“Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraf”可知，政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选B。
31.D 【分析】标题总结题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架与多年以前大家对飞车的
设想到今天成为现实展开说明。故选D。
Passage3
【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主开车的规章规范的一个建议，引出说明了坐落于科技前沿的无人驾驶的智能化汽车在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。
46.D 【分析】依据第二段的句子the grey area between 百度竞价推广i-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future可知选D。
47.B 【分析】依据第二段内容The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles…可知选B。
48.D 【分析】依据6、7、八段内容可知选D。
49.C 【分析】依据最后一段That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可知选C。
50. A 【分析】通读全文可以了解，本文主要讲述了哪个来对无人驾驶的机动车负责。故选A。
题组四
Passage1
【语篇解析】本文是一篇议论文。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言。本文探讨了人类为何笑这个话题。
1.B
【分析】推理判断题。依据文章第二段的To find out when and why people laugh可知本文写作目的是弄了解人类什么时间与为何会笑。故B项正确。
2.A
【分析】推理判断题。依据文章倒数第二段的At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less.可知，玩得多的人笑得多。A项正确。
3.A
【分析】词义猜测题。联系上下文可知susceptible（易受……影响的）与sensitive的意思最为接近。故选A。
4.C
【分析】主旨大意题。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言，本文探讨了人类为何而笑这个问题。故C项为最好标题。
Passage2
【语篇解析】这是一篇说明文。电动车真的没污染吗？通过文章的描述大家可以了解事实上并非如此的，电动车比目前的汽车或许会致使更多的污染，由于它所用的电，仍然是需要靠燃烧煤炭的资源来达成的。
1.A 【分析】主旨大意题。依据文章第一句Electric cars are dirty. In fact，not only are they dirty，they might even be more dirty than their gasoline-powered cousins. 说明电动车一点也不环保。故A正确。
2.C 【分析】细节理解题 。依据第四段的A gallon of gas may drive your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far. 一加仑汽油可能使你的汽车行驶25英里. 但你从那加仑汽油中得到的电力不会叫你的车行那样远。故选C。
3.B 【分析】推理判断题。依据文章A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far- so electric cars bum more fuel than gasoline-powered ones，可知电动汽车燃烧的燃料比汽油燃料多，故选B。
4.D 【分析】推理判断题。依据文章第二段内容可知电动车所需要的电能，是需要通过燃烧煤炭等自然资源的，所以电动车并不如大家所觉得的那样清洗无污染。故D正确。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了来源于于古希腊且一直沿用到今天的说服别人的艺术，其中包含ethos、pathos、logos三种方法与用这三种方法说服别人在每个范围应用的可能性。
1.A 【分析】细节理解题。依据第一段第一句话“Persuasion is to convince someone to agree with you, just like art which also calls for special techniques to accomplish.”可知，说服是为了建议大家支持你。故选A。
2.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据第二段前两句“Ethos is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience that he is trustworthy, honest and reliable. One common way a speaker can develop ethos is by explaining how much experience or education he has in the field.”可知，演讲者说服听众相信他的办法是Ethos，故选B。
3.C 【分析】细节理解题。依据第三段第二句“For example, a politician who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from aterrible war.”和最后一句“Similarly, an animal charity might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats to make the viewers feel pity, so they will be more likely to donate money.”可知，政治家或许会说他会一个人一人从可拍的战争中挽救一个国家为了说服观众为他投票，动物慈善机构向观众展示受伤的猫或者狗的图片是为了让观众感到可怜，更可能捐款。因此可知，政治家和慈善机构的一同之处是他们都想让听众支持他们。故选C。
4.B 【分析】标题判断题。纵览全文可知，文章主要介绍了说服人的艺术，包含ethos、pathos、logos三中不一样的方法，与这三种方法在每个范围应用的可能性。因此判断B项“说服的三种基本方法”为最好标题，概况了文章中心主旨。故选B。
Passage4
【文章大意】主旨大意：主要讲述在现代社会，女人越来出色，但在一些范围男女仍比率失调紧急，男士占多数。
1.B 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章第二段中“I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who’s interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.’’可知，再过上几年，她的女儿会愈加孤独，并且选择的机会可能愈加少。故选B。
2.D 【分析】细节理解题。依据文章倒数第二段中“Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men, and by some estimates represent the largest single economic force in the world.”可知，女人大学生要比男孩多。故选D。
3.C 【分析】推理判断题。依据文章最后一段提到的三个时间点可以判断，此段是依据时间顺序来进步的。故选C。
4.A 【分析】主旨大意题。文章主要讲述在现代社会，女人越来出色，但在科学范围男女仍比率失调紧急，男士占多数。故选A。
